Tigranakert in Artsakh features ruins and artifacts from pagan and Hellenic eras and was also a hub for early Christianity. In 1736, under Persian rule, Nader Shah recognized the autonomy of the Armenian Meliks once more. To proclaim the joining of Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia as an essential part of Armenia". Artsakh, a region situated in current Azerbaijan, has repeatedly declared its independence, and the people of Artsakh have been denied time and time again. However the following year Ibrahim-Khalil was killed by the Russian commandant of Shusha, who suspected that khan was trying to flee to Persia. Some of the damage from the assault on the city was still visible in the 1960s. The new ruler of Persia, Adil Shah issued a firman (decree) recognizing Panah Ali as the Khan of Karabakh.[42]. HISTORY OF ARTSAKH (PART 2: FROM 1918 TO 1989) Claims to the Armenian lands: The Russian Revolution of 1917 put an end to czarist administrative division of Caucasus. : сборник документов и материалов. It has accused Azerbaijan of robbery, murders and hunting for Armenians on roads, and that it "aspires to destroy Armenians as the unique cultural element, gravitating not to the East, and to the Europe ". But when they couldn't do it alone, they reached out and corresponded with monarchs around Europe. [45] However their hopes were deceived. The massacre claimed upwards of 360 Armenian and six Azerbaijani lives. In the same year Ottoman troops invaded the land. By the end of 1993, the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh had caused thousands of casualties and created hundreds of thousands of refugees on both sides. Artsakh as province of the Kingdom of Armenia, Armenian "People's Government", July 1918, Final solution to peace conference, August 1919. : сборник документов и материалов. [1] Under Russian and Soviet rule, the region came to be known as Nagorno-Karabakh, meaning "Mountainous Karabakh" in Russian. The solution of the Karabakhian problem was dragged out rather calculating on the development of the military-political situation that would be favourable for Azerbaijan, therefore the change of the ethnic structure of Nagorno-Karabakh. Its population was reduced up to 9.000, and by the end of 20th and up to 5.000 person[79] (and so never and has not risen above 17.000 in 1989). This strip of land was given to Azerbaijan, as was Nakhichevan, even though it lacked a border with Azerbaijan and has historically been an Armenian province. As ARMENPRESS was informed from the press service of MFA ARtsakh, the statement runs as follows, ‘’January 13, 1990 is one of the most tragic dates in the history of the Armenian people. In 1993, the UN Security Council called for Armenian forces to cease their attacks on and occupation of a number of Azerbaijani regions. According to Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Conflict in the South Caucasus, the Armenian kingdom was terminated by the Sasanid Persians in 428 AD and the provinces of Artsakh and Utik were reorganized into the marzpanate, or border province, of Aran, also known as the province of Albania, along with the former Kingdom of Caucasian Albania as well as tribes living by the Caspian shore. After that former position of area has been restored. The Meliks put themselves in the service of the Russian Tsar, in the hopes that he would assist with Artsakh's reunification with Armenia, but they were ultimately sorely mistaken. After this first Congress, the Government of Azerbaijan enlisted the assistance of the Turkish armed forces. Establishing a full control over the export of the Baku oil, the British sought the final secession of Transcaucasia from Russia; Azerbaijan, as it was supposed, was to play a role of an advanced post of the West in the South Caucasus to create barriers to the sovietization of the region. In 1722, Peter the Great's Russo-Persian War (1722–23) began. The former Soviet leader placed the majority-Armenian region of Nagorno-Karabakh (known as Artsakh to Armenians) into Azerbaijan after the Caucasus was conquered by the Red Army in the early 1920s. Final status to be determined.[128]. In 469 the kingdom of Albania[citation needed] was reformed into a Sassanid Persian marzpanate (frontier province). By 2007, over 400,000 Armenians and 600,000 Azeris had been displaced by the war. At the beginning of the 5th century, thanks to the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots, an unprecedented rise of culture began in whole Armenia, in particular also in Artsakh, Mesrop Mashtots having founded one of the first Armenian schools at the Artsakh Amaras Monastery. Iran and Turkey warned the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians to cease the offensive operations that threatened to spill over into foreign territory. In January 1994, several active-duty Armenian Army soldiers were captured near the village of Chaply, Azerbaijan. British forces replaced them in December and took the area under its control. Armenian military commander Mushegh Mamikonian defeated Artsakh in a massive battle, took many inhabitants of the region prisoner and hostage, and imposed a tribute on the rest. [14] It is unclear when Orchistenê became part of Armenia. Both Armenia and Azerbaijan claimed Mountainous Karabakh and had a strong reasoning for it. Нагорный Карабах в 1918–1923 гг. Although the influence of Christianity began to wane after the invasion of the Arab Caliphate and the Islamization of parts of Aghvank, Artsakh remained somewhat Christian. But the plan was rejected by Tsar Nicholas I. Artsakh remained in what was eventually named the Elizavetpol province while a separate "Armenian Province" was created in the 1820s, including only the principalities of Yerevan and Nakhichevan. [46][47], In gratitude for services rendered to it, Nadir Shah released the meliks of Khamsa from submission to khans of Ganja and appointed the governor above them Avan, melik of Dizak (the main organizer of plot 1733), having given it a title of khan. Unfortunately, according to Black Garden by Thomas de Waal, in less than a year Artsakh's "de facto leader of the region" and speaker of Artsakh's newly elected parliament, Artur Mkrtchian, was also found dead in mysterious circumstances. Under Tigranes II, who ruled from 95–56 BC, the Kingdom of Armenia became the strongest state to the east of Rome and freed itself from Seleucid rule. It played a significant strategic role for the Armenian statehood throughout its history. Нагорный Карабах в 1918–1923 гг. According to EurasiaNet, unidentified sources have stated that Arab guerrilla Ibn al-Khattab joined Basayev in Azerbaijan between 1992 and 1993, although that is dismissed by the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defense. Here the two Armenian national uyezd (district) councils took the power into their hands, organised and headed the struggle against Azerbaijan. изд.1. Having received a refusal from the Fifth Congress, Sultanov decided to subordinate Nagorno-Karabakh by means of the armed forces. The evident testimony of it is the remained rich historic-cultural heritage. Karabakh (ARTSAKH) during THE ANCIENT PERIOD AND IN THE MIDDLE AGES . Extensive Russian military support was exposed by the Head of the Standing Commission of the Russian Duma, General Lev Rokhlin, who was subsequently allegedly killed by his wife in unknown circumstances. According to The Caucasian Knot, in 1827, the Meliks submitted a plan for the reunification of Armenian lands, including Artsakh and the Karabakh region. It began on March 22 (on Nowruz) when Armenian forces broke the armistice and unexpectedly attacked Askeran and Khankendi. "The most beautiful Armenian city has been destroyed, crushed to its foundations; we have seen corpses of women and children in wells" – recollects Soviet communist leader Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze.[79]. As both sides become inflamed and accuse one another of breaking the ceasefire, lives are being lost and history is being destroyed. Azerbaijan cannot enter into area of an army without the permission of National Council. Artsakh (Armenian: Արցախ, romanized: Arts’akh, pronounced [ɑɾˈtsʰɑχ]) was the tenth province (nahang) of the Kingdom of Armenia from 189 BC until 387 AD and afterwards made part of the Caucasian Albanian satrapy of Sasanid Persia from 387 to the 7th century following the Peace of Acilisene.From the 7th to 9th centuries, it fell under Arab control. During the clashes, which left about 50 Armenians wounded, a local policeman, in accordance with information from International Historical-enlightenment Human rights Society – Memorial[97] he was an Azeri, shot dead two Azerbaijanis – Bakhtiyar Guliyev, 16, and Ali Hajiyev, 23. Nagorno Karabakh — Artsakh in Armenian — is one of the cradles of Armenian statehood and the birthplace of a late medieval emancipatory movement in Eastern Armenia. [36] The Karabakh khanate dissolved in 1822. Nagorno-Karabakh is located in the southern part of the Lesser Caucasus range, at the eastern edge of the Armenian Highlands, encompassing the highland part of the wider geographical region known as Karabakh. Нагорный Карабах в 1918–1923 гг. So, nomads under leadership of Sultanov's brother completely massacred village Gayballu. Although Armenia didn't formally respond, the Azeri government did with a series of bloody pogroms against Armenians in Sumgait and Kirovabad. Artsakh was officially autonomous within Soviet Azerbaijan, but the latter held the real power. Large numbers of refugees left Armenia and Azerbaijan as pogroms began against the minority populations of the respective countries. On February 20, 1988, the Oblast Soviet of the NKAO weighed up the results of an unofficial referendum on the reattachment of Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia, held in the form of a petition signed by 80,000 people. The ceasefire has been broken repeatedly and little was done to reconcile Artsakh, Armenia, or Azerbaijan. [citation needed], From the beginning of the 9th century, Armenian[23][24][25][26][27] princely houses of Khachen and Dizak were storing up strength. December 2, 2020 at 7:18 pm Paul Vartan Sookiasian Opinion, Op-Eds 5. This is a timeline of Artsakh's history, representing territorial control under three columns: . According to EAFJD, by the summer of 1992, half of the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh was occupied by Azeri forces and displaced the Armenian population. Charlemagne’s grandson, Charles II, granted Andorra to the counts of Urgel, from whom it passed to the bishops of Urgel. Those are still under control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenian military. They believed that Baku's plan was to supersede absolutely all Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh. Ереван, 1992, p.256 Document №376. But after a coup, likely instigated by the Syrian King Antiochus III, resulting in the murder of Armenian King Orontes IV, King Artaxias came to power, ushering in the Artaxiad dynasty. 259, 273, Documents №№172, 180. "Armenia armed by Russia for battles with Azerbaijan". Mercenaries from Russia and other CIS countries fought on the Armenian side,[108] and some of them were killed or captured by the Azerbaijan army. Kura –Araxes lies between rivers Kura and Araxes. Shusha was besieged, but Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar was killed in the tent by own servants. [48] But khan Ibrahim-Khalil (the son of Panakh-khan) learned about it. Ереван, 1992, p. 62, Document №38. By 1993, Armenian forces were able to overtake several cities and make land gains while Azerbaijan's offensive had displaced upwards of 40,000 Armenians. Нагорный Карабах в 1918–1923 гг. The conflict over this region is not new and at its core is a dispute between territorial integrity (Azerbaijan’s claim) and the right to self-determination (Artsakh’s claim). At the turn of the 7th century the Albanian marzpanate broke up into several small principalities. According to "Creating the 'Enemy Nation,'" the first bloody encounter lasted from March 30 to April 2, when between 10,000 and 30,000 Azerbaijanis were murdered. In the early 4th century Christianity spread in Artsakh. But despite everything, the people of Artsakh continue to fight for their existence. Artsakh world (ashkhar-province) served as a shield for the central regions of Armenia from the raids of nomadic and barberian tribes from the east. [84] Nadezhda Mandelstam so describes Shusha 20th years: " everywhere the same: two houses without a roof, without windows, without doors. On all mountainous streets we did not see and have not met any person. [88][89][90][91] As a result, the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) was established within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923. : сборник документов и материалов. June 1992 – September 1993 he was the escalation of the conflict", "Defense ministry confirms illegal arms transfer to Armenia". Fragments of a fortress, and also hundreds of artifacts similar to those found in excavations of ancient sites in Armenia proper, have been unearthed. The Karabakh Armenians declared, that Sultanov "has organized large gangs of Tatars, Kurds, prepares grandiose massacre of Armenians (…) On roads kill travellers, rape women's, the cattle steal up. Lasting until the 19th century, the Khamsa Melikdoms were a strong political force, cooperating with the Mongols and resisting the invasions of the Ottoman Empire from the 16th to the 18th century. Нагорный Карабах в 1918–1923 гг. The convention in Tiflis was concluded in September 1917 with delegates from the former Romanov realm. In 1826, in Karabakh the Persian armies with which was and Mekhti-khan have intruded; but they could not grasp Shusha which was protected desperately with Russian and Armenians, and have been expelled by Russian general Madatoff (himself Armenian from Karabakh by origin). In 387 CE, Armenia was divided between the Byzantine empire and Persia, and the eastern part of Armenia, including Artsakh, fell under Persian rule. [55] Strategically Mountainous Karabakh was important for Azerbaijan as well, since control of any other power over it would leave Azerbaijan very vulnerable. The Shahumyan region remains under the control of Azerbaijan. The Greek geographer Strabo, who is estimated to have lived from 64 BC to 23 AD, included Artsakh in his geographic description of Greater Armenia, writing that the entire population spoke Armenian by the second or first century BC, an observation confirmed by archaeological finds. Most of the decisions on the transfer of the territories, and the establishment of new autonomous entities, were made under pressure from Joseph Stalin, who is still blamed by Armenians for this decision made against their national interests, "The Soviet Union created the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region within Azerbaijan in 1924 when over 94 percent of the region's population was Armenian. In the south, Artsakh and Utik created a separate Armenian principality, that of the Aranshakhiks. Sultanov is declared demands entry of garrison in heart of Armenian Karabakh: Varanda, Dzraberd, break these the agreement of VII Congress". ; the figure of Armenian KGB – 25 killed – originally was not challenged and in Azerbaijan.[101][102]. Russia appointed Ibrahim-Khalil's son Mekhti-Gulu his successor. We have put together over 150 documents, statements, articles, books and other essential materials for the convenience of those who study the History of Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabakh) and it's conflict with Azerbaijan. Armenian involvement in Karabakh escalated after a December 1993 Azerbaijani offensive. 1724 Thanks to the meliks from the end of the 17th century in Artsakh there arouse and spread the idea of Armenian independence from Persia. Princedom Khachen existed until 16th–17th century and has broken up into five small princedoms ("melikdoms"): Those melikdoms were referred to as Khamsa, which means "five" in Arabic. As a result, between 3,000 and 12,000 Azerbaijani's and other muslims were killed in what is known as the March Days. During the Urartian era (9-6th cc. On May 12, 1994, Russia brokered a ceasefire that has been violated repeatedly over the years. Ереван, 1992, p.137 Document №84. Control over Nagorno-Karabakh is divided between Azerbaijan and Artsakh with Russian peacekeeping forces. The law code was used in Greater Armenia and the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and in 1519, King Sigismund of Poland also adopted it as law for the Armenian colonies in Lvov. Panakh khan founded the fortress of Shusha at a location, recommended by melik Shahnazar, and made it the capital of Karabakh khanate. While some principalities converted to Isalm, Artsakh "rapidly Armenized," in comparison. According to Ancient History Encyclopedia, the Yervanduni dynasty ruled until the second century BC, initially under Persian and then under Seleucid control. The death toll in Kirovabad was over 100 and in 1990, a seven-day pogrom in Baku killed hundreds and displaced thousands. And for a moment, it seemed as though they were actually going to follow through. Their main victim became the Artsakh Armenian population, who, headed by meliks, rose to struggle for its independence, never having received the promised support on Russian side. After the division of Greater Armenia (387 A.D.), Artsakh became part of the Eastern Armenian kingdom, which soon fell under the Persian rule. In 372 Mushegh defeated the Caucasus Albanians, took Utik from them, and restored the border along the Kura, "as was earlier". The essence of Armenian discontent lay in the fact that the Azerbaijani authorities deliberately severed the ties between the oblast and Armenia and pursued a policy of cultural de-Armenization in the region, of planned Azeri settlement, squeezing the Armenian population out of the NKAO and neglecting its economic needs. According to The Caucasian Knot, the mausoleum dedicated to Grigoris "stands as the oldest dated monument" in the region. Under Russian and Soviet rule, the region came to be known as Nagorno-Karabakh, meaning "Mountainous Karabakh" in Russian. It is one of four cities with this name that were built in the beginning of 1 BC by the king of Armenia, Tigranes the Great. Thanks to the panarmenian struggle, part of our Motherland restored the Armenian statehood. While the declaration of independence was both a political move that would allow Artsakh to negotiate on its own terms rather than relying on Armenia's negotiations, it was also an act of self-declaration since Artsakh had never entirely aligned with Armenia's agenda. Rokhlin Details Arms Supplied to Armenia, http://www.noev-kovcheg.ru/article.asp?n=45&a=12, "Chapter 13. However in spite of the Karabakhi people's protests the British commandment continued to assist and support the Azerbaijani Government in realizing the policy of incorporation of Armenian Karabakh into Azerbaijan. Khanates, attached to Caspia, Russia signed the treaty with Turkey, on July 12, 1724, giving the latter a free hand in the whole Transcaucasus (as far as Shamakha). Recently Armenian archaeologists have conducted excavation at the site of this city. The first mention of the territory of modern Nagorno Karabakh is in the inscriptions of Sardur II, King of Urartu (763–734 BC), found in the village of Tsovk in Armenia, where the region is referred to as Urtekhini. "Azerbaijan always acted as the helper and the accomplice in the atrocities which are carried out by Turkey concerning Armenians in general and Karabakhs of Armenians in particular ". Ереван, 1992, p. 73 Document №46. With the beginning of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the question of Nagorno-Karabakh re-emerged. An exclusive overview for www.nkrusa.org. Per the Brief History of Artsakh, during this time, the town of Shushi flourished and Armenian districts were rebuilt after having fallen into disrepair during Persian rule. At the same time the Baku Commune was involved in heavy fighting with the advancing Ottoman Caucasian Army of Islam in and around Ganja. Pogrom in Shusha was kept in historical memory of the Karabakh Armenians as largest of the accidents gone through by them. [36][42][43] Modern western scholars Robert Hewsen and Cyril Toumanoff have demonstrated that all of these meliks were the descendants of the House of Khachen.[44]. Between these two massacres, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia all declared their independence in late May 1918. Proclaimed the economic blockade of Karabakh. Nagorno-Karabakh is located in the southern part of the Lesser Caucasus range, at the eastern edge of the Armenian Highlands, encompassing the highland part of the wider geographical region known as Karabakh. The UN estimated that just under 1 million Azerbaijani[116] refugees and internally displaced person were in Azerbaijan at the end of 1993. The name Karabakh itself (derived from Persian and Turkic, and meaning "Black Vineyard") was first encountered in Georgian and Persian sources from the 13th and 14th centuries to refer lowlands between Kura and Aras rivers and adjacent mountainous territory. The main objective of the Congress was the discussion of the interrelations of Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan before the convention of the Peace Conference in Paris. Multiple printing houses and educational centers were established, and soon Shushi became a key center of Armenian culture and arts. Karabakh became part of the Transcaucasian Federation. By December 1989, the Soviet authorities had also arrested the Karabakh committee members, although they were eventually released the following May. 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